jimtrue.com : school : FTM : FTM101: Foundations of Massage
Posted by Jim True on October 30, 2006 9:55 AM. Last Updated December 4, 2006 1:14 PM
Disclaimer for all material noted here is at the bottom of this web page.
FTM101: Foundations of Massage
Massage & Medicine: Historical Perspectives
- Bill Moyer's book Healing & the Mind: "Touch is medicine's real secret".
- "Health" - root means whole or holy; To heal is to restore health, wholeness, holiness
- History is an examination of people, events & times
- Massage has a history that predates the printed word
- Asian Influences
- First written references: The Writings of the Yellow Emperor or Nei Chin (Canon of Medicine) by Emperor Huang Ti
- Book is thought to be written 5000 years ago
- includes Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), acupuncture (pierce the skin) & acupressure (apply pressure to skin).
- dissecting humans was forbidden; they learned their knowledge of the body by dissecting animals.
- Cornerstones of Traditional Chinese Medicine, three concepts
- Life force (or Chi) travels throughout the body via a pattern of meridians
- Concept of Yin & Yang, opposing yet cooperative balance in nature & man
- Five Elements, view of the universe & nature
- Meridians, Yin/Yang, 5 Elements
- Twelve meridians in the body that flow like rivers.
- Chi, Ki or Qi is the "life force" that flows along these rivers
- Twelve primary meridians, also two "extra" meridians or vessels (Governing & Conception), so 14 TOTAL Meridians
- Meridian's corresponded to an Organ in the body
- Yin is Positive; Yang is Negative. They are opposites
- Yin is dark, cold, female, negative, descending, contracting, resting & moist.
- Yang is expansive, active, dry, hot, light, masculine, rising & positive.
- Five Elements are: water, fire, wood, metal, earth
- Methods of physician examination consisted of: observation, listening, inquiry & palpation of the pulses
- Chinese believe there were 4 main pulses: superficial, deep, slow & fast
- Also practiced moxibustion (burning of herbs), cupping, acupuncture, movements/meditation & massage
- Tui Na - Chinese Massage; Anmo, Anma or Amma is the energy being manipulated by the massage.
- Golden Age of China saw the development of Confucianism & Taoism
- Confucianism - ideal social and political order based on ethical values; nature of man in society.
- Taoism - individual in nature rather than individual in society.; Following Dao (or The Way) involved meditation, meditative movements, cultivating the vital life force Qi, pronounced Chi in China.
- Between 500-600 AD, Japanese were exposed to TCM
- Japanese monks came to China to study Buddhism
- Chinese acupressure became Japanese Shiatsu
- Focused on Tsubo points
- India Influence
- Ayurveda - knowledge of life
- Philosophy of school of thought as presented in texts dating back to 2500BC.
- Concepts of the body (physical), mind (subtle) and spirit (causal)
- Prahna is the life force
- Five elements, but Space instead of Metal (Fire, Wood, Water, Earth, Space)
- Aromatherapy started in India
- Detoxification was primary interest in Ayurvedic
- Veda means knowledge
- Vedic medicine - healing through prayer, incantations, superstitions
- Healers were poison cureres, magic doctors, physicians & surgeons
- Health viewed as a integral part of spiritual life
- Brahman period incredible contributions to medicine
- Indian surgeons performed over 121 different types of surgeries, more than any other ancient medicine
- Persian replaced Hindu medicine
- Egypt
- Cradle of Civilization - northeastern corner of Africa
- Ancient Egyptian physicians described as best of their time
- No mixing of religion or magic and medicine
- Examination began with interrogation, inspection then palpation
- Medical Writings, Kahun Payrus: determining pregnancy & sex of unborn fetus, diseases of women and vaginal pastes & applications for treating disease
- Presecriptions: herbal medicine, essential oils and incense
- Ebers Papyrus: 2900 BC: 875 prescriptions and 47 cases of disease
- Embalming art generally practiced by priests
- embalming - earliest form of surgery
- VAST contributions to herbal therapeutics
- Recipes/prescriptions became fertile ground of exploration by Greek & Roman Empires
- Greek Influence
- Greeks conquered Egypt, establishing Alexandria
- Aristotle - Golden Age of Greece, philosophy, botany, anatomy & physiology
- Hippocrates, emphasis on common sense and turning away from ritual and incantations
- Investigation, observation, application of logic and reason
- Father of medicine
- Medicine systematized by symptoms into identities
- Modern Medical terminology roots in Greek Language
- Hippocratic Oath - encouraged high standards of professional conduct by physians
- Rome Influence
- Galen - Rome's answer to Hippocrates
- Worked on Gladiators
- Roman medicine practiced by slaves
- Followed principles of Hippocrates: observation, experience, experimentation
- Identified 7 of the 12 cranial nerves
- Greatly influenced by Greeks
- Massage certainly an accepted practice during the time which was "the glory of Rome"
- Health was sign of supernatural blessings and disease was a symptom of the presence of evil
New Vocabulary for History & Perspectives
- amniotic fluid - water bag that breaks at birth
- anterior neck - throat & adams apple - endangerment site
- articulation - speech, suckling - same muscles
- axillary region - armpit
- biopsy - tissue, fluid, microscopebonding behaviors - prolactin increases with nursing, licking
- colostrum - first milk, fights meconium
- contraindication - against massage
- cortisol - stress hormone
- CBC - complete blood count
- cutaneous stimulation - stimulation of skin & central nerves
- edema - swelling, heart & kidney, no massage
- effects & responses - benefits of massage
- endangerment site - no deep massage
- epidermis - outer most layer of skin
- epithelial - skin (tissue), hair & nails
- failure to thrive syndrome - not receiving central nervous system stimulation
- gentled/ungentled - Hammet's rats, touched and not touched
- gestation - duration of pregnancy (266 days)
- lactation - milk production
- lactoglobulin - immune enhancer in colustrum
- meconium - first bowel movement in utero = fever
- mechanical response - movement, mobilization
- MRI - magnetic resonance image ( soft/hard tissue)
- natural killer cells - T Cells elevated or up that's good
- oxytocin - hormone - shrinks uterus - suckling reduces it
- perineal - private parts
- prolactin - hormone stimulates milk production
- physiological response - increase in RBC, something you can't see
- psychological response - "I feel good" - things you can see
- serotonin - hormone - if it's elevated, less stress
- symbiotic - beneficial to both
- urinalysis - urine test - under microscope
- x-ray - flat surface/ broken bones
Names from Historical Perspective
- Bill Moyer - "touch is med's real professional secret" Healing & the Mind
- Emperor Huang Ti - 1st written references to massage & medicine The Writings of the Yellow Emperor
- Hippocrates - Greek - Father of Medicine
- Galen - Roman, worked w/gladiators, ID'd 7 of the 12 cranial nerves
- Ambrose Pare - Modern surgeon for massage, French, used friction on joints, wound healing
- Per Henrik Ling - Father of Swedish Massage - ROM done passively, actively or with resist
- Albert Hoffa - Technik Der Mass used different massage strokes to treat soft tissue dysfunction
- John Grosvenor - from England, used massage to treat arthritis, rheumatism, stiff joints
- Dr Johann Mezger - from Holland, supported massage for rehabilitation purposes
- Dr James Mennell - centripetal fashion, Physical Treatment by Movement, Manipulation & Massage
- Dr James Cyriax - from London, the orthopedic approach to musculoskeletal disorders
- Ashley Montagu - Touching: The Human Significance of the Skin "Primary function of skin -- protector of underlying parts from mechanical & radiation injuries and invasion by foreign substances & organisms" your first line of defense
- Frederick Hammett - Rat Man - gentled rats - relaxed friendly, lack of neuromuscular tension or irritability - had a more stable nervous system
- Lisbeth Price - Bad Nurse - advocated NOT rocking children
- Dr Emmett Holt - Bad Doctor -
- Harry Harlow - Monkey Man - terry cloth monkey preferable to food
- De Domenico & Wood - 3 responses to massage, mechanical, physiological, psychological
- Tappan - 4 responses to massage - mechanical, physiological, psychological & reflexive in nature
- Beck - 2 responses to massage - physiological & psychological
- Dr Tiffany Field - Touch Research Institute - studies benefit of mass primarily on infants
Disclaimer: These are MY notes taken from classroom lectures while I'm in the classroom. While I'm perfectly happy to share my notes with my classmates and I know I take very good notes, you should still make every effort to attend the class and TAKE YOUR OWN NOTES. I will not transcribe everything the instructor says in the classroom, and I will NEVER post pre-exam reviews. My notes will not replace the value of actually attending class and taking your own class notes.I also cannot attest to their accuracy, other than they are what was provided in the lecture; you should not reference my notes as "expert opionion" by any means, and if you notice an error or omission, please do me the favor of e-mailing me with the correction and I will re-post my notes. End of Disclaimer.